Stereotyping Results in Negative Behavior An Opinion Essay

Unfortunately, stereotyping occurs far more commonly than people realize. Not all stereotypes are inherently negative; those that are descended from prejudice usually are. However, even positive stereotypes can have a potentially negative effect because they allow people to make assumptions about others instead of taking the time to find out information about others for themselves. In this regard stereotyping is very much a matter of perception, and usually results in erroneous opinions and beliefs, some of which may never get corrected. There is empirical evidence that suggests stereotyping results in negative behavior for the person who has been stereotyped (Kimick, 2010). As a native of the Caribbean islands, I encounter stereotyping with a fair degree of regularity. I have found that different stereotypes produce a variety of results, most of which are indicative of faulty logic. One of the frequent stereotypes that I endure is the fact that when people find out that I am Caribbe an, they tend to assume that I have a laid back attitude. On the whole this is one of the more positive stereotypes I go through as a person of Caribbean descent, since people tend to respond to me in a laid back way as well. For the most part, the type of responses that this stereotype about me engenders in others is a desire on their parts to try to appear as hip or as chill as they automatically assume I am. The worst that this sort of stereotyping can produce is for those who are notShow MoreRelatedLabeling Theory and Media Stereotypes of the Elderly Essay3301 Words   |  14 Pagescertain people and not others. This is because stereotypes are depictive of opinions that are often passed from one generation to another within a particular culture. Mass media such as television and newspapers form a common source of opinions in the contemporary society (Kotter Hess, 2012). The media presents messages in steady, repetitive, and compelling manner, making them believable to almost e verybody. Stereotyping opinion and depictions from the media can thus have detrimental effects on theRead MoreEssay about The Problem of Groupthink in 12 Angry Men934 Words   |  4 PagesThe term groupthink in this report is defined as, the social psychological phenomenon that results in groups during pressure situations. This social psychology theory is broken down into eight signs. Illusion of invulnerability, Collective rationalization, Belief in inherent morality, Stereotyped views of out-groups, Direct pressure on dissenters, Self-censorship, Illusion of unanimity, Self-appointed â€Å"mindguards†. According to research conducted by Irving Janis, there are three conditions to groupthinkRead MoreSocial Psycology 360 - Final Exam Essay3364 Words   |  14 PagesPSY 360 - FINAL EXAM Short Essay Questions 1. What are minimal groups? How does group membership lead to prejudice and discrimination? The minimal group is a bond of commonality, positive or negative, where relationships, of even an arbitrary or inconsequential nature, within the group can influence attitudes and subsequent behaviors. Membership in such groups often produces the strongest forms of prejudice and discrimination. At a base level college rivalries serve as good examplesRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesskinheads. To simply just observing another person wearing a t-shirt of a rival football could still instill negative attitudes towards that particular person, even if there was zero social interaction to provide a justifiable impression. This leads to the focus of this essay. The insidious, non-conscious, irrational automatic bias and how it can affect our thought processes and behavior. To the point that our basic human traits such as race, sex, age, religion, or sexual orientation can literallyRead MoreCommon Sense Explanations And The Explanations Of C. Wright Mills Theory Of The Sociological Imagination1534 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be exploring the differences between common sense explanations and the explanations of C. Wright Mills theory of The Sociological Imagination. Common sense is based on people s personal experiences and their opinions, very often constructed from social norms and generalised views. Whereas, the Sociological Imagination thought up by sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) is based on the ideas of thinking critically and skeptically, in order to think sociologically. He wrote thatRead MoreWhat Are Stereotypes? Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesbiased media reports and lack of cultural knowledge. Stereotypes exist due to false assumptions. Judging people without knowing them, with limited knowledge, is a primary reason that contributes to making false assumptions. By stereotyping, we are actually ignoring the diversity which exists among different groups. Some common stereotypes about black people are that they are criminals, they are violent, they are ugly, they are un-educated and that they are involved in gangs. NowRead MoreThe Effects Of Disney Movies On Children1879 Words   |  8 Pageschildren. It is widely accepted that Disney movies teach dangerous ideas to children at an early age. There are many parents are confused about if Disney movies teaching valuable or dangerous ideas to children. This essay will aim at proving that Disney movies have far reaching negative effects on children. However, in light of realism, it is also worthy of noting that some researchers have uncovered various positive effects of Disney movies on children. Tons of researches have been conducted on theRead MoreOrigins of the N-Word Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesnigga have always been a sensitive topic, yet it is a topic that needs to be addressed in light of the more common use of its vernacular. One word is used to describe a color, while the others are used to define a people. It’s very clear to many the negative connotation these words carry, but where did these words come from? Furthermore, is there a difference between the word nigger and nigga; and why is it that African-Americans now use the word nigga to degrade each other in today’s society? TheseRead MorePerception and Individual Decision Making Mcqs7335 Words   |  30 Pages motive c. expectation d. location e. perception (d; Moderate; Factors Influencing Perception; p. 140) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 6. David has the opinion that people who drive SUVs are dangerous drivers. He often perceives that people driving SUVs are doing so in a dangerous manner, even when other observers can see nothing wrong with the behavior of the SUV drivers. What factor in David is affecting his perception in this case? a. his interests b. his experiences c. his expectations d.Read MoreReseach on the Impact of Religion Bias on Performance Evaluation3132 Words   |  13 Pagesactivities toward those that are directly compensated and away from the uncompensated activities, known as multitasking problem (Holmstrom Milgrom, 1990, Baker 1992). They have been criticized for promoting over-emphasis on short-turn financial results, and thus, they sacrifice long-turn (Ittner et al., 1997, 2003). Moreover, financial measures of performance tend to be noisy signals of a manager’s effort (Banker et al. 2000), inaccurate and can be volatile in difficult economic times. In addition

Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About Original Custom Term Paper Exposed

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Oligopolistic Market Competition in Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Monopoly, Duopoly Oligopolistic Market Competition in Australia. Answer: Introduction Many businesses in Australia operate under imperfect competition. By imperfect competition it means that the market prices are not determined by the supply and demand forces. Oligopolistic, monopolies and duopolies market structure are price makers. In oligopoly market, the players are few and large in size; whereas there may be many small players in the market, there are few giants who control the largest market share (Irvine, 2010). The competition between the giants is in terms of output but sometimes on prices. The power of control possessed by these giants creates barrier to entry for other interested investors (Strong, 2016). They may do this by cutting their prices and thus making it less profitable to entrants without the economies of scale (Dimech, 2014). The giants maintain a constant behavior of monitoring their rivals behavior as it has a great influence on their performance. This is because the goods sold in this market are similar but differentiated; if a rival lowers its own price, it may attract many customers and increase its share of the market. To prevent losing the market share, all other firms follow and cut their prices. Contrary, when a rival raises its price for goods, it will lose its share of the market since the other firms do not follow. The description of this market structure will be of help to the business investors to identify their market structure and thus facilitate their pricing decisions wisely. The government will also establish the factors responsible for the existence of oligopoly markets and their negative impacts; solutions will be recommended. Analysis Stephen Letts the ABC new business reporter is the writer of the article NBN to entrench broadband oligopoly: analysts in 2016. The major oligopoly groups are noted to be the supermarket giants, the banks and the telecommunication industry (Kaye and Westbrook, 2016). Also some of the giants are noted to be operating in a duopoly market structure. The returns raised by oligopolies are very high. The Australian economy has for long been an oligopolistic economy; however, the good days for the giant businesses are coming to the end as many firms are entering the oligopoly markets (Padley, 2013). This will result in a declining returns to the giants as the new entrants gain a share of the existing market. The entrance have been enabled by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission's (ACCC) shift to industry structure and market rather than policy pricing employed before (Letts, 2016). The oligopolies are crumbling, however, there is a high possibility that an oligopoly will be bu ilt in the telco market as Telstra the quasi-monopoly market is breaking down. The article notes that the roll out of National Broadband Network will create a room for four players only. The entrance of new firms into the broadband industry according to Morgan Stanley the Telstars analysts is that each additional firm will result in declined revenue for the already existing firms. Telstra has been legendary in making 80% of the broadband industry total revenues; this left only a 20% revenue for all the other players. The breakdown has resulted in Telstras market share falling by 20% to 60%. This has raised the proportion of revenue left for the other players. The four major players in the broadband industry are; Telstra, TPG, Optus and Vocus. According to Smith (2015), the aggressive growth of Vocus and TPG has contributed to the shrinking of players in this industry. According to Parkinson (2016), main emphasis of ACCC is on the need for increased competition in the Australian markets; a need to eliminate the dominance of a few firms in an industry. The percentage of market share for TPG in the retail market is about 27% while that of Vocus is 8%. Morgan Stanley noted that if the smaller firms are able to offer cheaper products, they would lower the dominance of the giants. Despite the fact that ACCC is struggling to end the oligopoly dominance, Telstra breaking down to an oligopoly is better than being a monopoly. Recommendations The governments regulation and monitoring of oligopoly firms should be maintained always as without regulation these giants can exploit the consumers. The government should give the ACCC mandate to take to court all the businesses that are caught practicing uncompetitive market conducts. Its not all the market structure that can become competitive, however, its the governments responsibility to ensure that fair pricing is maintained by all businesses. The government should also ensure that it makes it attractive for international firms to invest in Australian; one way would be by changing the Australian tax structure to be more supportive to investment. Conclusions Oligopolies and monopolies have one thing in common, they are price makers. For this reason, they are inefficient and unfair to consumers. They may collude to charge higher prices which is a disadvantage to the consumers, or they would slash their prices to create an entry barrier which is a disadvantage to new entrants. Consumers benefit much when the firms decides to create a market barrier by slashing prices. This barrier is a way of discouraging increment in competition and thus it enables the giants to charge high prices thereafter. The primary objective of the ACCC is to promote competition in the Australian markets. So far it can be said to have achieved this objective as many oligopolies dominance have been reduced in addition to Telstra breaking down from being a quasi-monopoly to an oligopoly. At the current trend, there is still an increasing probability that Australian broadband industry is going to be more competitive. The Australian consumers and suppliers are happy with the actions of the ACCC. The lower number of firms in an oligopoly market not only negatively impact the consumers, but also the suppliers. Suppliers market is limited and thus sell at a lower price the giants offer References Dimech, A. (2014). Australian Oligopolies. [Online] Adonline.id.au. Available at: https://blog.adonline.id.au/oligopolies/ [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. Irvine, J. (2010). Get out of monopoly free cards can't be left to the roll of the dice. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/get-out-of-monopoly-free-cards-cant-be-left-to-the-roll-of-the-dice-20101026-172ax.html [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. Kaye, B. and Westbrook, T. (2016). Australian watchdog says bank 'oligopoly' needs more reform. [Online] Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-banks-idUSKCN12E0F3 [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. Letts, S. (2016). NBN to entrench broadband oligopoly: analysts. [Online] Abc.net.au. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-08/nbn-to-entrench-broadband-oligopoly/7310228 [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. Padley, M. (2013). Oligopolies as safe as money in the banks. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/money/investing/oligopolies-as-safe-as-money-in-the-banks-20130916-2tvlk.html [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. Parkinson, G. (2016). South Australia takes on energy oligopoly in push for more renewables. [Online] RenewEconomy. Available at: https://reneweconomy.com.au/south-australia-takes-on-energy-oligopoly-in-push-for-more-renewables-77115/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2017]. Smith, M. (2015). The death of the oligopoly: Australia's incumbents face new rivals. [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/brand/chanticleer/the-death-of-the-oligopoly-australias-incumbents-face-new-rivals-20150421-1mq11b [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017]. Strong, P. (2016). Why Australias love affair with oligopolies needs to end. [Online] SmartCompany. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/why-australias-love-affair-with-oligopolies-needs-to-end/ [Accessed 18 Aug. 2017].

Mass production free essay sample

Mass Production During the 1920s, the United States industries and large businesses prospered greatly. Companies began to manufacture large quantities of their products using machines and a process known as the assembly line. This knew method was known as mass production. Mass production opened up many Jobs for all types of people. For the first time women, immigrants, and African Americans were accepted into the work force. This time period marked a major change for women. It was found that more women than men graduated high school and 25% of medical students were omen. Although this period marked a time of prosperity for women, things were different for African Americans. Most were still poor and struggling to find Jobs that paid enough to support their families. They also struggled to stay safe and avoid the white mobs that discriminated and threatened them. However, I feel that immigrants were most dramatically affected by mass production. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass production or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not only did they struggle to find Jobs and support their families, but they also struggled with discrimination. Americans questioned the values and loyalty of immigrants. Immigrants were not trusted by Americans, making it tough for them to settle down and feel at home. We, at [the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare], felt that the Maryland school districts, by and large, ought to be able to make the transition from the dual school system without the footdragging that was going on in some Deep South districts. [l] School desegregation in Prince Georges County, Maryland, should have been easy. After all, the county did not have to cope with overt racism in both its citizens and its lected officials or about this racism turning into organized violence directed at the teenage would-be school integrators, as did the states of the Deep South. The task facing the Prince Georges County board of education and Superintendent William Schmidt after the Supreme Courts 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, therefore, seemed to be fairly simple: eliminate the countys segregated dual school system and replace it with an integrated, unitary school system. Yet it was not until 973, nearly 20 years after Brown, that the county finally implemented a desegregation plan comprehensive enough to please the federal courts and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. School integration in Prince Georges County was complicated by covert racist attitudes, by segregated housing patterns, and by the white flight phenomenon of whites fleeing predominately black areas in and around cities for predominately white areas deeper in the suburbs. From its beginnings, Marylands attitudes towards African-Americans were vaguely hostile. The 171 5 state constitution enforced slavery, although Maryland was never a large slave-holding state; racist attitudes continued into the 19th century, when Know-Nothingism took firm root in the state. [2] During the Civil War, Maryland was divided between its slave-holding, which naturally allied it with the Confederacy, and its proximity to Washington, DC, which made it remain in the Union.

A Dysfunctional Behavior Involving a Drunkard Parent

A Dysfunctional Behavior Involving a Drunkard Parent The following behavioral therapy plan has been designed to deal with a dysfunctional behavior involving a drunkard parent. The parent is a father of three who is a habitual drunkard and this habit is adversely affecting the finances of the family. He spends most of his free time, especially after work, at drinking joints.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Dysfunctional Behavior Involving a Drunkard Parent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The habit is also affecting the fatherly responsibility and expectations of the parent. However, no one among the family members is willing to talk about the habit which has seen family ties subsequently threatened and deteriorate due to fatherly negligence and irresponsibility. As a therapist, I would opt for conditioning and learning to help the father overcome this behavior. The most immediate response to the behavior will be a positive reinforcement of classical conditioning whic h refers to a method of learning where the conditioned response is supposed to initiate the occurrence of an unconditioned response. A person is thought to associate the occurrence of one signal with the automatic response of a second signal that will always follow the first one. In behavioral therapy, classical conditioning is used to change the unconditioned stimulus by successfully substituting it with another desired stimulus in order to overcome the dysfunctional habit. Initially, the person would have a certain dysfunctional habit that he or she has always associated with a certain uncontrolled stimulus. The desired unconditioned stimulus is gradually introduced while reducing the undesired one. In this case, the conditioned stimulus will be an alarm clock that goes on at exactly 4 pm signifying the end of working time. Thus, the father relates the alarm signal to free time and every time the alarm goes on, he knows he is free from duty and drives to his usual drinking joints. Hence, drinking is the unconditioned stimulus that should be done away with, while the big task is to identify another activity that will substitute visiting the drinking places. More so, the father has to be trained to always associate free time with the identified behavior. Through classical conditioning, he is introduced to golf as a game and subsequently as the unconditioned stimulus. He is gradually trained to associate the alarm clock with golf. Once it goes on, he is reminded of an appointment with the golf course and thus leaves the office to go and play golf. It is expected that with time, he will start to associate the alarm with the game and in the process he will shun drinking. Once done with classical conditioning, operant conditioning should follow. In operant or instrumental conditioning, a person is left to choose on the right action against the dysfunctional behavior according to its consequences. A person is made fully aware of the behavior they are engaging in, a nd the probable consequences. It is then left upon them to voluntarily make a decision over the same.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Operant conditioning may lead to punishment or reinforcement. Punishment occurs when the affected person takes up the new behavior less frequently while reinforcement occurs when the affected person goes on with the new behavior more frequently than before. Conditioning may be said to be extinct if the affected person shows no change following the introduction of a new trait. The case of a drunk and irresponsible father demands that he is reminded of the societal expectations. Effort should also be made to make him realize the negligence he has subjected the family to and the mismanagement of family finances. The father should also be briefed on the current consequences of his behavior as well as what might befall the family in the future as a result of his drinking habit and then the idea of engaging in golf as a game to help utilize free time should be introduced. This should be made to sound like the best option compared to drinking. A few merits of engaging in sports over drinking should convince the father. The father should also be explained to that that playing golf will not only help him manage free time but also slowly quit drinking. The father is then left to decide on his own on the best action to take with playing golf having been put as the best alternative. During this time, it is expected that he will evaluate the consequences of daily drinking on the family and compare the consequences should he opt to spend his free time doing something else. Observational learning should closely follow operant conditioning. Here, the affected person is left to act on his behavior through observing others. In behavioral therapy, the therapist identifies various personalities with outstanding character in society who act as role models. Some might be those who were once faced with a similar condition. The client is then allowed to observe their lifestyle, character, personality as well as the generalized behavior of such persons. He/she is most likely to be tempted to ape certain positive traits from such models. Hence, through observation and copying, the affected person may eventually drop the bad trait in an attempt to be like the role model. Once again, observational learning does not call for reinforcement but learning through observation just like little children do in the course of their behavioral development. Thus, the therapist will only be entitled to identifying the models and the whole task of observation is left to the client.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Dysfunctional Behavior Involving a Drunkard Parent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Referring to the client in this scenario, I need to identify a few examples of people who were once irresponsible drinkers who will serve as models. I will also sample out some parents with exemplary family set ups that I will use to persuade and encourage my client to keenly observe how such parents manage and raise their families. I will then allow my client to keep observing the families as I asses his progress. The client is advised to only watch out for positive traits that might help him quit drinking and not trying to copy the whole social lifestyle of the model. Having properly gone through classical conditioning and operant conditioning, I am convinced the client will eventually opt for golf after work over drinking. He might eventually quit drinking. In conclusion, behavioral therapy majorly depends on the client’s willingness to drop a certain behavior as well as the methods employed by the therapist. The three approaches explained above are however the best methods used to encourage behavioral change. Once somebody has an alternative for a certain behavior, he is given time to ponder on the consequences and make a decision. The same person is then encouraged to uphold the same decision by observing those who have excelled through the same way. In this manner, one is able to successfully go through dysfunctional behavior therapy and achieve behavioral transformation.

Monopolies and Monopoly Power (Definition)

Monopolies and Monopoly Power (Definition) The Economics Glossary defines monopoly as: If a certain firm is the only one that can produce a certain good, it has a monopoly in the market for that good. To understand what a monopoly is and how a monopoly operates, well have to delve deeper than this. What features do monopolies have, and how do they differ from those in oligopolies, markets with monopolistic competition and perfectly competitive markets? Features of a Monopoly When we discuss a monopoly, or oligopoly, etc. were discussing the market for a particular type of product, such as toasters or DVD players. In the textbook case of a monopoly, there is only one firm producing the good. In a real-world monopoly, such as the operating system monopoly, there is one firm that provides the overwhelming majority of sales (Microsoft), and a handful of small companies that have little or no impact on the dominant firm. Because there is only one firm (or essentially only one firm) in a monopoly, the monopolys firm demand curve is identical to the market demand curve, and the monopoly firm need not consider what its competitors are pricing at. Thus a monopolist will keep selling units so long as the extra amount he receives by selling an extra unit (the marginal revenue) is greater than the additional costs he faces in producing and selling an additional unit (the marginal cost). Thus the monopoly firm will always set their quantity at the level where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue. Because of this lack of competition, monopoly firms will make an economic profit. This would normally cause other firms to enter the market. For this market to remain a monopolistic one, there must be some barrier to entry. A few common ones are: Legal Barriers to Entry - This is a situation where a law prevents other firms from entering the market to sell a product. In the United States, only the USPS can deliver first class mail, so this would be a legal barrier to entry. In many jurisdictions alcohol can only be sold by the government-run corporation, creating a legal barrier to entry in this market.Patents - Patents are a subclass of legal barriers to entry, but theyre important enough to be given their own section. A patent gives the inventor of a product a monopoly in producing and selling that product for a limited amount of time. Pfizer, inventors of the drug Viagra, have a patent on the drug, thus Pfizer is the only company that can produce and sell Viagra until the patent runs out. Patents are tools that governments use to promote innovation, as companies should be more willing to create new products if they know theyll have monopoly power over those products.Natural Barriers to Entry - In these type of monopolies, other firms cannot enter the market because either the startup costs are too high, or the cost structure of the market gives an advantage to the largest firm. Most public utilities would fall into this category. Economists generally refer to these monopolies as natural monopolies. Theres the need-to-know information on monopolies. Monopolies are unique relative to other market structures, as it only contains one firm, and thus a monopoly firm has far more power to set prices than firms in other market structures.

How Does Individualism-Collectivism Influence the Sales of Mobile Essay

How Does Individualism-Collectivism Influence the Sales of Mobile Phones in China - Essay Example Whereas, collectivism can be defined as a working culture where people work in groups, form relationships among teams and prioritise the team’s goal before their individual goals (Aldulaimi & Zedan, 2012). It is in this context that marketing strategies are designed based on the culture of a country where the product is to be positioned. Hence, collectivism culture of a target market can be effective for marketing brand with names which are preferred more than the product itself. Consumers who consider other’s opinion to rely on a product can be influenced by the collective marketing strategy such as word of mouth. Whereas, in the individualistic culture, the consumers do not rely on other’s information, rather make choices according to their individual likings. Advertising, packaging and promotions can be some of the factors that influence a change from collectivism culture to individualism culture such as the quality of group of people using the product (Ekeret e, 2001). For instance, the culture that the Chinese people follow to a large extent is collectivism and thus prefer to work in groups with due consideration to the team goal rather than their individual objectives (Hofstede, n.d.). This particular notion of the Chinese culture is observed to create a vast impact over their buying behaviour which can certainly influence mobile phone selling in the economy. The objective of the proposal will be to provide a brief description to the research process intended to be performed focused on the influence created by individualism and collectivism on the sales of mobile phones in China. The evaluations will be reviewed through reviewing literatures and relate them with the cultural marketing strategy adopted by mobile phone companies of China. 2.0. Literature Review 2.1. Individualism and Collectivism According to Markus & Kitayama (1991), individualism and collectivism can de differentiated within a group by the independence and interdepende nce style of working culture. In an individualistic culture, people work as independent targeting their individual goals whereas in collectivistic culture people are interdependent to each other within the group and aim to fulfil the group’s target ahead of their personal targets. As observed by Goncalo & Staw (2004), people in individualistic culture often describes themselves as ‘I’ when using any abstract but in the collectivistic culture people uses the abstract of ‘We’ to describe themselves. According to Bond & Smith (1996), a study demonstrated that Asians tend to conform more to their superiors than the Americans. Conformity prevails more to the collectivistic culture where people abide to certain guidelines that have been drawn by either the team or their superiors. However, in an individualistic culture, conformity is often treated as negative and only the organisations guidelines are being followed. As observed by Davidson & et. al. (1976) , a person’s behaviour is closely linked with the group in collectivistic culture where the goal of the people should not be regarded as solely independent and different from others’, but to encourage the interests of the group. In disparity, the people’s identity in individualisti