Example Essay Of Rasin In The Sun Example For Students

Example Essay Of Rasin In The Sun Raisins, natures candy, are from by drying grapes. The play depicts the feelings and thoughts of the people 50s and 60s. Their feelings are different from what we see today in our lives. The Younger family had to deal with poverty and racism. Not having enough money and always being put down because of the color of their skin held them back from having a lot of self-respect and dignity. Not everything, including life, is as sweet as candy when dry. The Youngers financial problem left them exposed, like a grape in the hot sun. This tested their relationships, responsibility and the importance of their dreams. A dream could be something you had in the night that seemed so real, or a dream could be your fantasy, where everything is going your way. The last type of dream is something that has more of a deep sense and plays an important role in your life. Its the same type of dream the Younger family had; everyone with his or her own hopes and dreams. Walter had his chance to be big and important with his liquor store; Beneatha wanted to become the opposite of an asimillist, a doctor; and Ruth and her wanted to move out of the rattrap of a life and home and become something bigger and more significant. The person I saw that had the foremost wishes was Mama. All she wanted was to see her family happy and to be happy herself for once. She wanted the family to stop suffering and never moving forwards. Mama wanted Travis to have his own room, and by this she sacrificed her own personal room, sharing one with Beneatha in the new house. She was sick and tired of this anguish the family received. He r dream was to see her family stop having distress and be in a higher class and to be basically being happy. In the beginning of the play Mama anticipated the insurance money coming. She hadnt decided right away on what to do but she had the basic idea. From the time she didnt have money to a little bit after, Mama began to really see what her family was put through. Before the money came, the family began to have their own dreams, and Mama listened. They varied, of course, but they had one primary meaning: to get out of the rut they were in and head somewhere big. Once Mama got the money, it took a little time, but she had her mind set, she went and bought a house. She felt it would be the one thing, which would benefit everyone in the household. She ignored the racial lines that would normally have prevented black people from even thinking of moving to that type of an area. She pursued her dream, her dream house. Once the welcoming committee showed up, Mama was luckily not there. She understood that difficulty would lie ahead, but she didnt care. Not much would stop her from her dream, not even losing the money, the essential life force of her dream. Walters incompetence isnt a big enough hurdle to prevent her from continuing her dream. She would sacrifice for her family, like working and not spend as much money. In the end of the story everything worked out fine. I think this was because she stuck so severely to it and tried her hardest not to let go of her dream. Letting go of her dream would be like giving up on life. Her dream was definitely a positive force for everyone; all she wanted to do was to make everyone happy. Walter was disappointed at times because Mama denied him the money he needed so badly, but he didnt see things the way Mama did. Just like mama says, we as going to move.(p. 121) Mama was the one who saw past all the little things that would hold her back from completing her dream. But thats the thing she did the most and the best, held o n the dreams and made them come true. .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b , .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .postImageUrl , .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b , .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b:hover , .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b:visited , .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b:active { border:0!important; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b:active , .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06257d324d800d8fa06c98d85e2b948b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gather Ye Rosebuds EssayTheir sadness of unfulfilled dreams, compounded with the burden of Ruths pregnancy, began to take a toll on the Youngers relationship. When Walter says, Who even cares about you?(p 67) The two of them realize at that time that their relationship has dwindled to nothing but nagging and rude comments. Walter may be sorry for having said that to his wife because he probably loves her, but he is at the end of his rope. He feels that every dream he has had has been taken away from him, either by bad timing or by the white man in general. Ruth, on the other hand, has never had any other dream except to keep her family together and in working order, and no w that is falling apart. Yet, relationships need at least two people, and Walter just isnt putting his share of effort into it. This is primarily because of their money issues, and their relationship begins to strengthen when they move into their new home. It just goes to show that unfulfilled dreams and money can split a relationship. Walter felt he was financially responsible for the family, but his job as a limousine driver couldnt provide enough security. He was unhappy with his job and was desperately seeking for an opportunity to improve his family standing. He expressed these feelings when he told his mother about the liquor store. I open and close car doors all day long. I drive a man around in his limousine and I say, Yes sir; no sir, very good sir; shall I take the drive, sir? Mama, that aint no kind of job that aint nothing at all. Mama, I dont know if I can make you understand.(p. 54) Walter could not provide for his family by American standards, so they lived in poverty. The poverty they experienced was noticeable in their living arrangements. They were a family of five who shared a one bedroom, dilapidated apartment on Chicagos south side. Living on the south side of Chicago didnt represent the American dream that Walter so desperately wanted to obtain. There werent any big yards or white picket fence s like those that white American children were growing up with. Travis grew up in the inner city and the projects. Ruth on the other hand was the one who kept Walter from completely destroying everything. She doesnt keep him from succeeding but from failing. Ruth tries to do everything she can to make her family happy. She just wants the best for them. Ruth understands that responsibility of a family doesnt fall to just one person; rather, it needs to be divided between two. The Younger family over came problems within their relationship, responsibility and their dreams. We know that strength is the key to achieving dreams. This is seen by the family moving into their new home, despite racial conflicts. The strength that was required to hold Walter and Ruth together will create a safe environment for Travis and the new baby to grow up. With the dreams and the strength Walter has, he will achieve financial responsibility for his family, ending the unhappiness and turning it into a sweet raisin.

Your Guide to Finding the Best Essay Topics

Your Guide to Finding the Best Essay TopicsToday the Internet has become a large source of information and with it comes both interactive IELTS test materials. Some of the materials are for desktop use and some are for use with laptop computers. The choices you make will be based on your needs.Today, many people have taken the plunge and decided to take the IELTS test and they are using this to find the best essay topics. The main reason is that it is fun and is educational as well. With a wide range of essays topics to choose from you should be able to find an area that will suit your needs.When looking for the best essay topics the first thing you need to do is to look at the various options you have. You can find an essay online or one that can be taken in a book as well. All you need to do is check out which is available and which you feel is right for you.The sites that you see on Google Sites like Yahoo Answers can have topics that will help you out. This way you can use the to ols to find the right essay topics to prepare for.You can also go through these sites to find ideas for writing and finding essay topics online. Many topics have been suggested to you by friends and family.You can also look at which parts of the world have their own essay topics that you can use as a starting point for your own essay topics. Most of the areas that you can use are related to culture, religion, or history.Do not be afraid to use the Internet for answering questions you might have. Doing this will not only make it easier for you to figure out the best essay topics, but you will also be building your confidence when it comes to taking the test.

Child Development Essays (635 words) - Childhood, Parenting

Child Development Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology I Teratogens are any medication, chemical, infectious disease or environmental factors that interfere with the normal development of a fetus that can result in a loss of pregnancy, birth defect, or a pregnancy complication. A wide variety of factors include: drugs, alcohol, and viruses. Through techniques of ultra sound and amniocentesis, one can determine the health of the fetus and determine whether terotagens have had any effect. Ultra sound involves directing high-pitched sound waves toward the fetus. A computer converts the waves into a sonogram (outline image of the fetus, uterus, placenta). Amniocentesis is the withdrawal and analysis of amniotic fluid to detect genetic abnormalties in the fetus. Diana Baumrind : Parenting Styles Parenting styles in the U.S. have been thoroughly researched by Diana Baumrind. Trained observers kept records of childrens behaviors in nursery school. Through these observations, 3 contrasting parenting styles were identified: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. Authoritarian parents tend to be low in nurturance and high in parental control. They set absolute standards of behavior for their children that are not to be questioned or negotiated. Forceful discipline is favored and prompt obedience is demanded. They are less likely to use gentle methods of persuasion such as affection, praise and rewards with their children. Authoritative parents tend to be high in nurturance and moderate in parental control when it comes to dealing with child behavior. They possess more knowledge, skill, control resources, and physical power than their children. They explain rules, decisions, and are willing to listen to the childs point of view even when not accepting it. They are not likely to use physical punishment and stress absolute obedience. Permissive parents tend to be moderate to high nurturance but low in parental control. They place few demands on their children and are likely to e inconsistent disciplinarians. They are accepting towards child impulses, desires, and actions. Morever, they are less likely to monitor their childrens behavior. Children raised in this manner tend to lack knowledge of appropriate behaviors for ordinary social situations and take little responsibility for their own misbehavior. Jean Piaget: Theories of Child Development Piaget discovers processes by which children gain new knowledge. Assimulation is the method of incorporating information into our accustomed way of thinking. Thus, a child can constantly create and reacreat his own model of reality. Accommodation is the process of altering ones ways of thinking to include new information that does not fit into existing ways of thinking. Hence, mental growth can be achieved by integrating simpler concepts into higher level concepts. Four stages within these developments can be traced. Sensorimotor stage occurs during the first two years of a childs life. It is concerned with mastering their own inherited physical reflexes and extending them into pleasurable or interesting actions. They experience the world in a direct manner and learn basic lessons before preceeding to more complex thoughts. Preoperational stage occurs roughly from age 2 to 7 where the child learns to manipulate their own environment symbolically through inner thoughts about the external world. Thus, they become less dependent on physical stimuli and physical reactions to guide their behavior. During this stage one learns to represent objects by words and themselves. Concrete operational stage occurs from age 7 to 12 by the beginning of logic in the childs thought processes. The initiation of classification of objects bye their similiarities and differences can be established. The child begins to grasp the concepts of time and number. Formal operational stage begins at the age 12 and extends to adulthood. It is characterized by and orderliness of thinking and a mastery of logical thought. The child learns in this final phase to manipulate abstract ideas, make hypotheses, and see implications of their own thinking and of others. Science

How To Adopt CoSchedule With This Simple Change Management Process

How To Adopt With This Simple Change Management Process Odds are you’ve been managing your projects, campaigns, workflows, team communication, reporting, and more in non-marketing tools. And you’ve got spreadsheets for days. So. Many. Spreadsheets. You’ve been weighed down with single-solution tools that do one thing†¦ but they don’t integrate†¦ ⠝Å' You use Asana or Wrike for project management. ⠝Å' You’ve got Hootsuite or SproutSocial for social publishing. ⠝Å' You’ve got Google calendar, docs, or a spreadsheet for your editorial calendar. ⠝Å' And of course endless email threads. We call this â€Å"Makeshift Marketing† and this is the problem marketers like you face every day. Fortunately, it’s also the problem that solves.    ^^^ does this look familiar? It’s a perfect visual of Makeshift Marketing. So, if you’re stuck wasting time, missing deadlines, and without visibility into ALL of your marketing details†¦ it’s time for . Why is seeing it all in one place important? Marketers who organize their marketing strategy AND plan are 538% more successful than those who don’t.    Want another reason? Marketers who organize their process workflow to create a scalable repeatable process are 466% more successful than those who don’t.    Now that you’ve chosen , you will solve each of these problems!

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example Google ensures through compensation that these talented people are retained. The reward and compensation system at Google is pay-for-performance. The stock option system of the company ensures that employees get compensated and rewarded along with the growth of the company. The most astonishing factor is that in 2005-2006 the employees by themselves demanded a wage cut. According to the Director and Professor of Human Resource Center working at Wharton Business School, "these perks and benefits help Google to recruit people who are willing to spend most of their time at work place". Statistics show that software engineer at Google receives an average salary of $81,239 which is just $8000 less than their senior competitors, yahoo (Small Business, n.d.). Nowadays, many young engineer and professional aspire to get employed at Google. The reason is due to excellent fun and work environment. Top it all, bonuses and compensation, flexibility in working on projects etc. Google has been the most renowned example of a motivating and encouraging employer. There wouldn’t be any single person who wouldn’t wish to work at Google. ... Under this head, comes the most extensively debated subject that is soft HRM and hard HRM. In Soft HRM, companies consider their employees as the most valuable and important resource. For such companies, the needs of employees must be catered at first. Such types of companies are usually considered as ‘good’ employers. Therefore, these companies offer their employees substantial chances to grow not only as workers but also as individuals. Employees are provided regular training in order to ensure that prospect promotions. In hard HRM, companies generally treat their employees as a means of obtaining profits and efficiency. Hard HRM usually do not takes into account the needs and wants of employees. Hard HRM allows the employer to have full control over its workforce and operations. In such organizations, the morale and skills of employees are relatively lower. Companies utilize these approaches according to their corporate culture and type of industry. Those organization s which operate in such industry where norms, standards and benchmark needs to be maintain adopts hard HRM. On the other hand, those companies which are research based and require creative and innovative tactics utilize soft HRM where employees are given full authority to do the work in a way they feel the best. Hard HRM is widely accepted and implemented in organizations like KFC, McDonalds and Ryanair while soft HRM is implemented and encourages in organizations like Facebook and Google. Yes! Google utilizes soft HRM approach (Peter Bamberger, 2000). The culture of Google gives liberty to its workers to bring in innovative and creative stuff. In this regard, they are expected to research and work as per their own way. In fact, Google encourages its employees to spend 20% of

Open Table System in Blackshop Restaurant Coursework

Open Table System in Blackshop Restaurant - Coursework Example The Cerny brother emphasized on the concept of human tough and considers the tremendous success of the restaurant for the same. However, it is seen that extensive work done manually gives rise to mistakes which consequently affects the quality of services and impacts on the revenue too. The project makes an analysis of the present conditions of operations for the restaurant. Based on the above it puts forth reasons why an online reservation system called Open Table must be incorporated. The relative advantages of doing the same are presented in the project. Finally, a suitable operational strategy has been recommended in the project. This includes the market analysis, marketing, and advertising plan, reservation system, and operations for the restaurant. The quality of services and the role of the front office staff have also been highlighted in this regard.In order to know whether the Open Table system should be incorporated into the organization, it is important to understand the f unctions of the system and its relevance in the organization. Open Table was established in the year 1998 and operated a website which connected numerous reservation-taking restaurants and customers who dined at the restaurants (Huber, Larmaraud, Li & Williams, 2009, p.1). Open System is a reservation, guest management, and table management software designed for the restaurants. The software and hardware systems of smoothened the process of automation of reservations, table management by replacing the conventional methods of reservations by restaurant hosts and hostesses using pen and paper. The system is used by users for the construction of customer databases which fosters guest recognition and allows targeted e-mail marketing. Moreover, the open system also helps the restaurants to save cost and time, improve their services, attract businesses, and increase revenue in terms of the numbers of diners and also improve efficiencies with tools of table management. The system was prima rily aimed at the independent restaurant groups, restaurants, hotels and resorts. The system has been adopted by numerous customers across different nations like Canada, United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and Spain. The main advantage offered by the system is that it allows its users to allow electronic reservations using their website.

Essence Of Decision: Explaining The Cuban Missile Crisis

Essence Of Decision: Explaining The Cuban Missile Crisis Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, by Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow examines the momentous Cuban Missile Crisis, which was one of the most successful acts of diplomacy during the Cold War. Allison and Zelikow explore through three different conceptual lenses accommodating the reader to look further into common methods of foreign policy analysis. Allison and Zelikow evaluate the events of the thirteen days in October 1962 to demonstrate the models of policy analysis from different perspectives. The authors provide ample historical reviews, evidence and documents of the events, and offers thorough analyses of the crucial time of the nuclear age by also presenting new methods to consider with foreign policy actions. The three conceptual models, which can be used to analyze policy actions; the Rational Actor, Organizational Behavior, and Governmental Politics Models are described and applied to the Cuban Missile Crisis case. Each model demonstrates different fe atures and areas of the fundamental decisions made by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the crisis. Allison and Zelikow clarify that even though there is no whole understanding of the situation as it happened at the time, and it will never be likely, however using these three theoretical lenses it will help gain a closer understanding and more of an awareness of all of the elements and the choices that were made at the time. In this essay I will attempt to draw some understanding of the decisions the United States made towards the Cuban Missile Crisis by using Allisons three conceptual lenses from the Essence of Decision, which is an analysis of the crisis itself and the decision making in the resolution procedure. Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow present Model I as the most commonly used method of evaluating foreign policy actions, this method is titled the Rational Actor Model, also known as RAM. RAM is a way of understanding policy actions taken by states, by considering the country as a rational unitary actor. The rational framework is also the most frequently used method in determining decisions between policy choices in the adoption and evaluation stages of the policy cycle. Whilst analysing an action undertaken by a state towards another state, the RAM presumes the actions taken place are intended, value maximising and strategic. The authors quote for each explanation an act consists of showing what goal the government was pursing when it acted and how the action was a reasonable choice, given the nations objective (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 15). This allows us to understand how people go about making decisions, as it is done implicitly, without the person unintentionally realising the y are doing it. The main questions in the Essence of Decision book that were answered in regards to the crisis are; Why did the Soviet Union place offensive missiles in Cuba? Why did the US respond to this action with a blockade around Cuba? And why did the Soviet Union withdraw missiles in response? Looking at the situation in understanding the US decision-making reaction to the actions, the RAM analysis considers after evaluating a number options, and considering Kennedys goals, by assessing the quality of the search for options and their respective outcomes, and check whether the final choice promised to achieve his original goals to the extent that the decision-making process comes close to this ideal model, we can say that it was rational (Allison 1999, p.33), and a blockade would have the best chance of sending the desired message to Moscow without provoking a military response. Allison and Zelikows Rational Actor Model, examines the question of whether we can understand clea rly the move made by a country in the international policy arena as a rational choice? For instance, the concept of bounded rationality appears clearly in foreign policy decision making, even when there is a central decision maker of a state, for example a leader or president who has supreme choice over all courses of action, their rational decision making will be hindered by the fact that they have no idea what the opponent is thinking. This can be referred back to the Cuban Missile Crisis; where President Kennedy and his advisors, the ExComs failed attempts at trying to understand why Khrushchev made certain decisions and actions. Since the international policy arena often deals with competitive oppositional opponents who keep their true intentions hidden as a means of accomplishing what they want (Lindbolm, 1959, p.113-127). President Kennedy becomes the driver of the debate by making sure his team cautiously takes each step of the crisis to probe deeper implications of each opti on and to stretch their imagination (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 357) as the mass of diverting nuclear war cascades upon him. Thus helps us understand why the US made a rational decision with the blockade as it had several advantages, one being it did not constitute direct attack, secondly it placed the burden of the next move on Khrushchev, and also kept other options open. This is when the USSR decided to withdraw, that is because it recognised US strategic superiority. The book argues that in fact the USSR backed down in face of US warnings that further actions would follow if the missiles were to become operational. The second Model, Allison and Zelikow presents are the Organisational Model of foreign policy. In this model, it is understood that countries and governments are not unitary actors but are stated as vast conglomerate(s) of loosely allied organisations, each with a substantial life of its own (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 143). The authors state that Governments perceive problems through organisational sensorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they define alternatives and estimate consequences as their component organisations. And process information So, the government movements are not so much logical choices decided upon by one central decision maker, but are the productions of many organizations all functioning according to standard patterns of behaviour. The effects to consider with this organisational model illustrate that the importance of looking at governmental actions this way gives us a clear understanding of why the United States made the decisions in this crisis. For example, nearly all govern ment actions in foreign policy are carried out by organizations, whether it is the Forces or the CIA, in this case, the government carrying out the policies are divided with the military and intelligence agencies. Furthermore, organizational actions are also limited and known by standard operating procedures, with what has been done before. The model which the authors present provides us with a curious opportunity to look at the role of bodies that play in foreign policy making in different ways. In Model II, Allison and Zelikow present a way of looking at policy decisions that are completely well ordered by the bureaucracy, although it may not be the government that makes the decision. In understanding the United States decision-making process with Model II, the deliberations of the EX-Com that produced possible alternatives were alternatively answered by the organisations, What specifically, could be done? (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 225). President Kennedys actions were limited b y what the military organisations could do, since their actions and decisions made were backed up with experience and previous choices in foreign policy. Essence of Decision illustrates that organisational capacities are fundamental in international policy making. Model II also allows us to understand examples of how organizational behaviours shake the implementation of certain policies. For example, the situation by the Soviet troops lack of camouflage of the missiles in Cuba, and President Kennedy rushing to control with the test flights over Soviet air space. If this occurred after the crisis had begun, there might have started a nuclear war due to wrong interpretation other than a test flight. This example suggests that there is always more to the situation of a rational decision. The authors allow us to look through other lenses to give us more of an understanding of how the US made certain decisions throughout the crisis. The third model that Allison and Zelikow illustrate in the Essence of Decision is the Governmental Politics model also known as the Bureaucratic model. Model III consists of policy actions as a process where state actors bring their personal thoughts, opinions and ideas together to achieve separate goals and decide upon a course of action collectively, which may conflict with each other. In Essence of Decision the authors explain why it is necessary to identify the games and players, to display the coalitions, bargains and compromises, and to convey some feel for the confusion (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 257). In this case, various individuals, representing various organisational interests engage in a process to achieve a negotiated group decision, which will represent the policy of a state. During the Crisis all US decisions were created by ExCom, President Kennedys inner circle of advisors that were composed together specifically for the missile crisis. Allison and Zelikow discusse d the Ex-Com members and their ideas, the significance of the Cuban issue to Kennedy, and generally try to illustrate an overall political atmosphere behind the U.S. decisions. Allison proposed in the book that because of the failure of Bay of Pigs invasion, the Republicans in the United States congress made Cuban policy into a major issue for the upcoming congressional elections later in 1962. Therefore President Kennedy decided on a strong response rather than a diplomatic one. Although the majority of ExCom initially favoured air strikes, those closest to the president, (his brother Attorney General, Robert Kennedy and Special Council General Theodore Sorensen) favoured the Blockade. At the same time Kennedy got himself into disputes with supporters of the air strikes, such as Force General Curtis Lemay. After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Kennedy also distrusted the CIA and their advice. This combination of push and pull led to the implication of a blockade. (Essence of Decision Prese ntation, u.d) Because of the nature of many foreign policy decisions and the ultimate importance of the decisions they attempt to make, the public and congress can generally defer any decision-making powers to the president even if they know the situation. For instance, in Essence of Decision, we see that the president makes his decision very quickly and through complete blankness, where there were no influence from Congress, or the public as they were unaware of the actions until the White House made the statements. Allison and Zelikow mention a few times in Essence of Decision how different the situation of the Missile Crisis would be if it had happened in todays world with the immense public knowledge forcing decisions within hours rather than days. As it was, the president only had to challenge with the rivalry of ideas of his team of advisory. They brought in organizational and political thoughts from the head of agencies such as the military, which all had their own aims and o bjectives within the whole situation. As Wildavsky states, the president can nearly always gain support for his foreign policies, however his problem is to find a viable policy (1966, p. 237). For many parts of the politics Kennedy had to perform, were very limited in comparison to the domestic policy situations that occur. This model in comparison to the first two models may not illustrate an informative policy analysis, however it does offer a strong case in understanding why Kennedy came to the decision of a blockade. With essentially no opinion from the populous, the small governmental group made their decisions that could have meant life or death of millions of people. Thankfully, the Cuban Missile Crisis was settled by USs decisions. Graham and Zelikows Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis helps us understand USs decision-making throughout the thirteen days by allowing us to look through three distinctive conceptual models. The three models shown throughout the book can be used to help understand policies at any level, from domestic to foreign. Looking into actions by governments through a rational, organisational and political lens seems necessary to fully understand the moves that Kennedy took and the game Khrushchev played. I believe we are used to taking a more full approach to accepting domestic and local policy decisions because we are more alert of the aspects going into the decisions. This book helps us understand why Kennedy and ExCom made a rational decision after evaluating options ranging from doing nothing to a full invasion of Cuba, and then finally a blockade was selected because it wouldnt necessarily escalate into war, as well as forcing the Soviets to make the following move. The organisational process model allowed us to understand how Kennedy operated under time and information constraints whilst engaging in satisficing behaviour. Kennedy and Excom never really considered any other options besides the blockade or air strikes, and initially were almost solidly in favour of the air strikes. However, such attacks created huge doubt because of the US Air Force, as they could not guarantee it would disable all nuclear missiles. The blockade felt to be the safest option in that case. The bureaucratic politics model also helped us understand Kennedy and ExComs different level of power based on charisma, personality, skills of persuasion and personal ties to the head of the decision maker. Even whilst sharing the matching goals, the leaders contrast in how they accomplish it because of elements such as personal interests and background. These all have an impact on why the US made certain decision on choosing the blockade. This book constructs us to comprehend why international decisions are made, and helps simplify why rational reasons are behind certain actions. Applying the organisational process model and the governmental model to the foreign policy actions it gives us an insight to the possibilities of miscommunication, misunderstandings and disagreements that can also happen in such situations more than what we believed. Overall, Essence of Decision has helped to an extent with relevant information and evidence to support Allison and Zelikows three conceptual models, with an understanding of why the United States decided to choose the blockade option.